Viewing data for Nucifraga columbiana


Scientific name Nucifraga columbiana
Common name Clark's nutcracker
Maximum lifespan 17.40 years (Nucifraga columbiana@AnAge)

Total mtDNA (size: 16905 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 7471 9434 4988 2483 4278 5156
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 442 558 295 147 253 305
Base content (%) 44.2% 55.8%
Total protein-coding genes (size: 11382 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 5113 6269 3605 1508 2891 3378
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 449 551 317 132 254 297
Base content (%) 44.9% 55.1%
D-loop (size: 1318 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 544 774 368 176 403 371
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 413 587 279 134 306 281
Base content (%) 41.3% 58.7%
Total tRNA-coding genes (size: 1541 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 625 916 363 262 395 521
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 406 594 236 170 256 338
Base content (%) 40.6% 59.4%
Total rRNA-coding genes (size: 2577 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 1160 1417 624 536 567 850
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 450 550 242 208 220 330
Base content (%) 45.0% 55.0%
12S rRNA gene (size: 976 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 468 508 257 211 206 302
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 480 520 263 216 211 309
Base content (%) 48.0% 52.0%
16S rRNA gene (size: 1601 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 692 909 367 325 361 548
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 432 568 229 203 225 342
Base content (%) 43.2% 56.8%

ATP6 (size: 684 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 306 378 237 69 169 209
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 447 553 346 101 247 306
Base content (%) 44.7% 55.3%
ATP8 (size: 168 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 65 103 56 9 46 57
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 387 613 333 54 274 339
Base content (%) 38.7% 61.3%
COX1 (size: 1551 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 722 829 451 271 399 430
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 466 534 291 175 257 277
Base content (%) 46.6% 53.4%
COX2 (size: 684 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 314 370 203 111 168 202
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 459 541 297 162 246 295
Base content (%) 45.9% 54.1%
COX3 (size: 784 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 371 413 245 126 200 213
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 473 527 313 161 255 272
Base content (%) 47.3% 52.7%
CYTB (size: 1143 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 516 627 371 145 293 334
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 451 549 325 127 256 292
Base content (%) 45.1% 54.9%
ND1 (size: 978 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 441 537 304 137 265 272
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 451 549 311 140 271 278
Base content (%) 45.1% 54.9%
ND2 (size: 1041 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 460 581 343 117 266 315
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 442 558 329 112 256 303
Base content (%) 44.2% 55.8%
ND3 (size: 351 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 162 189 110 52 88 101
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 462 538 313 148 251 288
Base content (%) 46.2% 53.8%
ND4 (size: 1378 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 590 788 437 153 358 430
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 428 572 317 111 260 312
Base content (%) 42.8% 57.2%
ND4L (size: 297 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 141 156 104 37 82 74
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 475 525 350 125 276 249
Base content (%) 47.5% 52.5%
ND5 (size: 1818 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 781 1037 564 217 480 557
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 430 570 310 119 264 306
Base content (%) 43.0% 57.0%
ND6 (size: 522 bases) GC AT G C A T
Base content (bases) 249 273 183 66 81 192
Base content per 1 kb (bases) 477 523 351 126 155 368
Base content (%) 47.7% 52.3%

ATP6 (size: 684 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 7 (3.08%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 17 (7.49%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 17 (7.49%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 24 (10.57%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 0 (0%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 7 (3.08%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 60 (26.43%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 19 (8.37%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 9 (3.96%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 15 (6.61%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 9 (3.96%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 3 (1.32%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 4 (1.76%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 2 (0.88%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 4 (1.76%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 10 (4.41%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 9 (3.96%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 3 (1.32%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 3 (1.32%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 5 (2.2%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
3 16 7 6 10 33 3 8 9 0 1 4 2 0 2 7
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
2 0 0 2 9 5 1 2 3 0 2 0 6 8 1 8
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
5 10 1 0 4 7 1 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 10 1
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
2 4 0 1 1 3 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 4
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
37 84 70 37
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
21 68 35 104
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
11 85 104 28
ATP8 (size: 168 bases)
Amino acid sequence: MPQLNPNPWFFIMLISWFTYSMIIQPKLLSHISMNPPSNKLQTAQSTSPWTWPWT*
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 0 (0%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 7 (12.73%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 0 (0%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 0 (0%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 8 (14.55%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 3 (5.45%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 5 (9.09%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 0 (0%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 0 (0%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 4 (7.27%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 1 (1.82%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 2 (3.64%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 0 (0%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
1 4 2 1 1 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 1
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 0 1
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
3 1 0 2 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 0
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
1 18 21 16
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
6 20 13 17
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
2 18 23 13
COX1 (size: 1551 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 47 (9.11%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 47 (9.11%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 27 (5.23%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 36 (6.98%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 1 (0.19%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 38 (7.36%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 63 (12.21%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 42 (8.14%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 23 (4.46%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 30 (5.81%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 43 (8.33%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 17 (3.29%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 17 (3.29%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 15 (2.91%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 10 (1.94%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 15 (2.91%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 9 (1.74%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 19 (3.68%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 9 (1.74%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 8 (1.55%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
14 28 15 11 5 39 8 0 9 0 7 7 16 8 7 36
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
8 0 1 9 16 22 0 8 10 23 6 4 4 22 0 9
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
12 14 1 4 11 8 0 1 3 6 11 0 0 3 12 4
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
15 6 4 1 14 9 0 1 1 6 0 0 1 0 0 17
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
157 129 130 101
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
78 136 94 209
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
36 186 206 89
COX2 (size: 684 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 8 (3.52%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 17 (7.49%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 18 (7.93%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 16 (7.05%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (1.32%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 17 (7.49%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 29 (12.78%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 13 (5.73%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 14 (6.17%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 12 (5.29%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 10 (4.41%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 7 (3.08%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 5 (2.2%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 13 (5.73%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 14 (6.17%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 7 (3.08%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 6 (2.64%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 8 (3.52%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 4 (1.76%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 6 (2.64%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
5 8 9 3 5 18 3 0 5 1 3 7 6 1 2 8
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
5 0 3 5 8 4 0 3 1 4 0 6 0 5 1 4
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
7 4 1 4 5 6 0 0 3 2 5 0 0 0 7 1
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
7 9 5 5 8 4 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 5
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
69 61 57 41
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
25 60 60 83
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
17 82 85 44
COX3 (size: 784 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 19 (7.31%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 23 (8.85%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 14 (5.38%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 22 (8.46%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 1 (0.38%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 16 (6.15%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 33 (12.69%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 15 (5.77%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 9 (3.46%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 14 (5.38%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 22 (8.46%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 12 (4.62%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 12 (4.62%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 5 (1.92%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 7 (2.69%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 4 (1.54%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 8 (3.08%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 15 (5.77%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 5 (1.92%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 5 (1.92%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
4 11 5 5 7 19 2 0 6 2 3 5 7 1 8 14
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
4 0 1 2 12 9 0 2 7 8 2 2 6 6 0 6
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
3 13 0 5 3 2 0 0 4 2 10 0 0 1 3 2
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
13 4 3 3 2 4 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 12
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
70 75 59 57
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
41 69 56 95
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
15 101 98 47
CYTB (size: 1143 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 24 (6.32%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 27 (7.11%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 23 (6.05%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 24 (6.32%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 4 (1.05%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 20 (5.26%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 67 (17.63%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 34 (8.95%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 8 (2.11%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 24 (6.32%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 29 (7.63%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 12 (3.16%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 11 (2.89%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 8 (2.11%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 7 (1.84%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 21 (5.53%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 8 (2.11%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 12 (3.16%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 9 (2.37%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 8 (2.11%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
9 25 7 2 16 40 3 6 8 0 3 7 8 2 6 23
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
1 0 4 7 10 9 1 2 5 17 0 4 9 11 0 4
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
7 12 1 2 11 7 1 0 2 0 12 0 0 7 14 3
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
9 6 1 1 7 9 0 1 1 6 0 0 0 1 0 11
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
86 113 98 84
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
49 96 78 158
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
10 162 158 51
ND1 (size: 978 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 14 (4.31%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 31 (9.54%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 25 (7.69%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 14 (4.31%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 2 (0.62%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 17 (5.23%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 59 (18.15%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 27 (8.31%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 15 (4.62%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 26 (8.0%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 22 (6.77%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 14 (4.31%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 8 (2.46%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 4 (1.23%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 11 (3.38%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 13 (4.0%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 6 (1.85%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 2 (0.62%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 7 (2.15%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 8 (2.46%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
10 17 9 8 10 31 5 5 6 0 4 4 7 2 3 19
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
6 0 2 5 12 14 0 2 3 6 3 5 8 13 0 1
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
5 8 0 2 11 6 0 2 4 4 10 0 0 7 6 0
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
2 6 5 0 4 7 0 2 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 8
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
77 96 83 70
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
39 90 57 140
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
21 118 132 55
ND2 (size: 1041 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 13 (3.76%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 31 (8.96%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 26 (7.51%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 44 (12.72%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 1 (0.29%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 12 (3.47%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 64 (18.5%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 28 (8.09%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 18 (5.2%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 22 (6.36%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 15 (4.34%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 10 (2.89%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 2 (0.58%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 4 (1.16%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 11 (3.18%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 11 (3.18%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 9 (2.6%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 14 (4.05%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 3 (0.87%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
8 20 10 13 10 37 3 1 9 2 3 6 3 0 5 10
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
8 0 1 5 13 11 2 2 2 6 3 3 10 9 0 14
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
14 15 1 6 7 7 2 0 4 3 5 0 0 4 7 4
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
5 2 2 1 1 14 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 10
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
62 108 119 58
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
31 119 60 137
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
24 116 136 71
ND3 (size: 1041 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 13 (3.76%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 31 (8.96%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 26 (7.51%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 44 (12.72%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 1 (0.29%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 12 (3.47%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 64 (18.5%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 28 (8.09%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 18 (5.2%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 22 (6.36%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 15 (4.34%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 8 (2.31%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 10 (2.89%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 2 (0.58%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 4 (1.16%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 11 (3.18%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 11 (3.18%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 9 (2.6%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 14 (4.05%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 3 (0.87%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
8 20 10 13 10 37 3 1 9 2 3 6 3 0 5 10
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
8 0 1 5 13 11 2 2 2 6 3 3 10 9 0 14
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
14 15 1 6 7 7 2 0 4 3 5 0 0 4 7 4
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
5 2 2 1 1 14 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 10
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
62 108 119 58
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
31 119 60 137
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
24 116 136 71
ND4 (size: 1378 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 19 (4.15%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 33 (7.21%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 36 (7.86%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 45 (9.83%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (0.66%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 18 (3.93%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 94 (20.52%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 38 (8.3%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 26 (5.68%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 28 (6.11%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 14 (3.06%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 13 (2.84%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 12 (2.62%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 2 (0.44%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 10 (2.18%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 17 (3.71%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 13 (2.84%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 16 (3.49%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 10 (2.18%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 12 (2.62%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
16 22 21 12 17 48 4 13 12 1 1 9 7 1 4 10
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
5 0 3 5 15 13 0 1 7 9 2 7 6 14 1 12
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
15 18 0 6 11 9 1 1 8 5 8 0 0 6 11 8
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
8 10 0 0 2 9 1 1 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 12
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
82 150 145 82
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
55 133 81 190
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
16 154 204 85
ND4L (size: 297 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 13 (13.27%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 13 (13.27%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 8 (8.16%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 3 (3.06%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 22 (22.45%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 6 (6.12%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 6 (6.12%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 1 (1.02%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 1 (1.02%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 1 (1.02%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 4 (4.08%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 5 (5.1%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 0 (0%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 2 (2.04%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
1 1 5 4 2 9 1 6 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 6
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
1 1 2 1 8 4 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
4 3 0 5 4 0 0 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
5 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
21 29 22 27
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
13 32 16 38
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
3 43 36 17
ND5 (size: 1818 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 33 (5.45%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 48 (7.93%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 50 (8.26%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 61 (10.08%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 7 (1.16%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 21 (3.47%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 102 (16.86%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 57 (9.42%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 27 (4.46%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 31 (5.12%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 36 (5.95%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 13 (2.15%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 12 (1.98%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 9 (1.49%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 11 (1.82%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 26 (4.3%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 19 (3.14%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 13 (2.15%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 20 (3.31%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 9 (1.49%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
26 31 26 11 22 53 10 6 17 2 3 11 7 0 11 25
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
1 3 4 15 19 13 1 4 8 18 3 6 7 16 2 16
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
24 21 0 8 13 18 0 2 9 5 8 0 0 10 16 4
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
9 9 2 0 9 19 1 0 2 7 0 1 0 0 0 12
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
122 168 203 113
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
73 179 111 243
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
22 217 243 124
ND6 (size: 522 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 27 (15.61%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 12 (6.94%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 15 (8.67%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 3 (1.73%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 2 (1.16%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 35 (20.23%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 24 (13.87%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 3 (1.73%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 10 (5.78%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 4 (2.31%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 10 (5.78%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 7 (4.05%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 5 (2.89%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 4 (2.31%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 3 (1.73%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 4 (2.31%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 0 (0%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 0 (0%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 0 (0%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 5 (2.89%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
3 0 3 1 1 4 9 9 0 0 15 2 6 12 10 0
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
7 1 1 3 0 2 7 7 1 3 16 2 1 0 1 0
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
0 3 0 8 0 3 1 1 2 5 2 1 0 4 0 0
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
0 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 4
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
81 24 23 46
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
42 31 19 82
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
60 11 39 64
Total protein-coding genes (size: 11399 bases)
Amino acid sequence:
Amino acid frequencies:
Glycine (Gly, G)
n = 219 (5.77%)
Alanine (Ala, A)
n = 309 (8.14%)
Serine (Ser, S)
n = 280 (7.37%)
Threonine (Thr, T)
n = 311 (8.19%)
Cysteine (Cys, C)
n = 28 (0.74%)
Valine (Val, V)
n = 204 (5.37%)
Leucine (Leu, L)
n = 648 (17.06%)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
n = 295 (7.77%)
Methionine (Met, M)
n = 172 (4.53%)
Proline (Pro, P)
n = 223 (5.87%)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
n = 227 (5.98%)
Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
n = 110 (2.9%)
Tryptophan (Trp, W)
n = 107 (2.82%)
Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
n = 68 (1.79%)
Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
n = 89 (2.34%)
Asparagine (Asn, N)
n = 137 (3.61%)
Glutamine (Gln, Q)
n = 101 (2.66%)
Histidine (His, H)
n = 103 (2.71%)
Lysine (Lys, K)
n = 84 (2.21%)
Arginine (Arg, R)
n = 73 (1.92%)
Codon statistics:
AUU AUC AUA CUU CUC CUA CUG UUA CAA CAG GUU GUC GUA GUG UUU UUC
102 193 121 78 110 348 56 56 92 9 43 63 71 27 62 165
AUG UGU UGC GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU GGC GGA GGG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU
51 6 22 59 128 109 13 34 50 97 38 43 60 114 6 79
ACC ACA ACG UCU UCC UCA UCG AGU AGC UAU UAC UGG UUG AAU AAC CAU
101 126 5 52 88 76 6 11 47 34 76 3 0 44 93 27
CAC GAA GAG GAU GAC AAA AAG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGA AGG UAA UAG UGA
76 64 25 16 52 80 4 10 10 47 6 2 1 8 0 104
Codons with 1st base G Codons with 1st base C Codons with 1st base A Codons with 1st base U
889 1092 1060 758
Codons with 2nd base G Codons with 2nd base C Codons with 2nd base A Codons with 2nd base U
488 1065 700 1546
Codons with 3rd base G Codons with 3rd base C Codons with 3rd base A Codons with 3rd base U
250 1334 1515 700

>NC_022839.1 Nucifraga columbiana mitochondrion, complete genome
GTCCATGTAGCTTACAATAAAGCATGACACTGAAGATGTCAAGACGGCTGCCACAAACACCCATGGACAA
AAGACTTAGTCCTAACCTTACTGTTGGTTATTGCCAGAGATATACATGCAAGTATCCGCATTCCAGTGTA
AATGCCCTAGGCACCCTTTAACCAAGTCGATAGGAGCGGGTATCAGGCACACACAATTGTAGCCCAAGAC
GCCTTGCACTTGCCACGCCCCCACGGGTACTCAGCAGTAGTAAACATTAAGCAATGAGTGTAAACTTGAC
TTAGTCATGGCAACCTTAAGAGTCGGTAAATCCTGTGCCAGCCACCGCGGTCAGACAGGAGACTCAAATT
AACAGTATAACGGCGTAAAGGGTGGTAACATGCTATCTAAGTAACTAAGATTAAAAAGCAACTGAGATGT
AATAATCCCAAGATGCTCATAAGGCCAGCTACCAAAGAAGATCTTAGGCTAACGATTAATTGAAATCCAC
GAAAGCCAGGGCCCAAACTGGGATTAGATACCCCACTATGCCTGGCCCTAAATCTTGATGCTCTATGCTA
CCTGAGCATCCGCCCGAGAACTACGAGCACAAACGCTTAAAACTCTAAGGACTTGGCGGTGTCCCAAACC
CACCTAGAGGAGCCTGTTCTGTAATCGATGATCCACGATATTACCTGACCACTCCTTGCTGAATCAGCCT
ACATACCGCCGTCGCCAGCCCACCCCCCCTGATGGTTCAACAGTGAGCGCAATAGTCCCTACCCACTAAT
AAGACAGGTCAAGGTATAGCCCATGGAGTGGAAGCAATGGGCTACATTTTCTAGATTAGAACATCACGGC
AAGGAGATCTGAAATGGCCTCCAGAAGGCGGATTTAGCAGTAAAGCGGGACAATCGAGCCCTCTTTAAGC
CGGCCCTGGGACACGTACATACCGCCCGTCACCCTCCTCAAAAGCGACCTAATCCTAATACATTAATACG
CTATTCAGCTAAAGAGGAGGCAAGTCGTAACAAGGTAAGTGTACCGGAAGGTGCACTTAGACAACCAAGA
CGTAGCTTAAACAAAAGCATTCAGCTTACACCTGAAAAATATCTGCTGACACCAGATCGTCTTGATGCCA
AATTCTAGCCCAACCACATTGACCTGGAATAACAAAGCTACTGCATACACCAAACTAAAGCATTTACTAG
TCTTAGTATAGGCGATAGAAAAGACACCCATTGGCGCGATAGAGATCACGTACCGTAAGGGAAAGATGAA
ATAATAATGAAACAAATAAGCTATAAACAGCAAAGATCAACCCTTGTACCTTTTGCATCATGGTCTAGCA
AGAAAAACCAAGCAAAATGAGTTTAAGTTTGCCACCCCGAAACCCAAGCGAGCTACTTGTGAGCAGCTAT
TATTGAGCGAACCCGTCTCTGTTGCAAAAGAGTGGGATGACTTACTAGTAGAGGTGAAAAGCCAATCGAG
CTGGGTGATAGCTGGTTGCCTGTGAAACGAATCTTAGTTCACTCTTAATTCTCCTCCAAGGAAACTAACA
AAACCCTAATGAAGCGAATTAAGGGCTATTTAAAGGGGGTACAGCTCCTTTAAAAAAGAATACAATCTCT
ACGAGCGGATAAATAATCTATAGAAAGATCCATTGTGGGCCTTCAAGCAGCCATCAACAAAGAGTGCGTT
AAAGCTCCTCGACTAAAAATATAAGAACTTCATGACTCCCTCATCATTAACAGGCTAACCTATATGTAAA
TAGGAGAATTAATGCTAGAATGAGTAACCAGGGTCCTCCCTCTACGACGCAAGCTTACATCTTTACATTA
TTAACAAATCACCAAGATACGACAAATCAAACAAGCAGAGTATCAGGTATATTGTTAACCCGACAGAGGA
GCGTCCATTAAGAAAGATTAAAACCTGTAAAAGGAACTAGGCAAACACGTCAAGGCCCGACTGTTTACCA
AAAACATAGCCTTCAGCAAACAACAAACAAGTATTGAAGGTGATGCCTGCCCTGTGACTTAGTGTTTAAC
GGCCGCGGTATCCTAACCGTGCAAAGGTAGCGCAATCAATTGTCTCATAAATCGGGACCTGTATGAATGG
CTAAACGAGGTCTTAACTGTCTCTTACAGGCGATCGGTGAAATTGATCTCCCTGTGCAAAAGCAGGGATA
ACTACATAAGACGAGAAGACCCTGTGGAGCTTAAAAATCAGCAGCCACCCTACTTCACATTCACACCCAC
TGGGTACACGCTTTAAAAGGAACTGGCCTGCAATTTTTCGGTTGGGGCGACCTTGGAGAAAAACAAATCC
TCCAAAAATTAGACCACAACTCTAGACTGAGAGCGACCCCTCAACGTGCGAATAGCACCCAGACCCAATA
TAATTGATCAATGGACCAAGTTACCCCAGGGATAACAGCGCAATCTCCTCCGAGAGTCCGTATCGACGGG
GAGGTTTACGACCTCGATGTTGGATCAGGACATCCTAGTGGTGCAGCCGCTACTAAGGGTTCGTTTGTTC
AACGATTAATAGTCCTACGTGATCTGAGTTCAGACCGGAGCAATCCAGGTCGGTTTCTATCTATGATGAA
CTCTTCCCAGTACGAAAGGACAGGAAAAGTAAGGCCAATACTACAGGCAAGCCTTCGCCTTAAGTAATGA
ATTCAACTAAATTACGAAAGGCTATCACACTTCAACCACGTCCTAGAAAAGGACCAGCTAGCGTGGCAGA
GCTCGGAAAATGCAAAAGGCTTAAGTCCTTTAAATCAGAGGTTCAAATCCTCTCCCTAGCTAAACTTCAA
ATGACCAACTACCCCTTCCTAATCAACCTTATTATAGTCCTCTCTTACGCTATCCCAATCCTAATCGCTG
TAGCCTTCTTAACACTAGTAGAGCGAAAAATCTTAAGCTATATACAAGGTCGAAAAGGTCCTAATGTTGT
GGGCCCATTCGGGCTTCTCCAACCCGTAGCAGACGGAGTAAAACTATTCATCAAAGAACCAATTCGCCCA
TCAGCATCCTCCCCAATCCTATTTATTACCACCCCCATACTAGCCCTCTTCCTGGCAATCTCCATCTGAG
CCCCACTCCCTATCCCATTCCCCCTCGCAGACCTTAATCTCGGGCTACTATTCATGCTGGCCATATCAAG
CCTAGCAGTATACTCCATCCTATGATCCGGCTGAGCCTCCAACTCAAAATACGCCCTAATTGGAGCATTA
CGAGCAGTAGCCCAAACAATCTCATATGAAGTTACCCTAGCAATCATCCTACTGTCCATTATCCTCCTTA
GCGGAAATTACGCCCTAAGTACCCTAGCAGTCGTTCAAGAGCCCCTATTCCTAATTTTCTCTTGCTGACC
ACTTGCTATAATATGATATGTGTCCACACTAGCTGAGACAAATCGTGCCCCATTCGACCTCACAGAAGGA
GAATCAGAACTAGTCTCAGGGTTTAACGTAGAATATGCAGCAGGACCATTCGCCCTGTTCTTCCTAGCAG
AGTACGCAAATATCATACTTATGAATACATTAACTGTTATTCTCTTCTTCAATCCAAGTATGTTCAACCC
CCCTCAAGAGCTCTTCCCTATAATCCTAGCCACAAAAGTCCTACTTCTATCCATAGGATTCCTATGAATT
CGTGCCTCCTACCCACGATTTCGATACGACCAACTAATGCACTTACTATGAAAAAACTTCCTACCTCTAA
CACTTGCTCTGTGCCTATGACACATTAGCATGCCAATTTCCTACGCAGGCCTACCCCCCTACCTAAGAGG
CCACTAGGAAATGTGCCTGAATACCAAAAGGGTCACTATGATAAAGTGAACATAGAGGTATACCAACCCT
CTCATTTCCTACGCTTTAGAAAAACAGGAATCGAACCTGTACGAGAGGGATCAAAACCCTCCATACTTCC
TTTATATTACTTTCTAGTAGGGTAAGCTAAACAAGCTATCGGGCCCATACCCCGAAAATGATGGTTTAAC
CCCTTCCCCTGCTAATGAACCCCCAAGCAAAACTAGTCTTTATCACTAGCCTATTTCTAGGGACAACCAT
CACAATTTCAAGCAACCACTGAGTTATAGCCTGAACTGGCCTTGAAATCAACACACTCGCCATCCTACCC
CTAATCTCAAAATCTCATCACCCCCGGGCCATTGAGGCAGCAACCAAATACTTCCTAGTACAGGCAACTG
CTTCAACTCTAGTACTATTTTCCAGCATAACTAATGCGTGATACACTGGGCAGTGAGATATTACCCAACT
AACCCACCCAACATCTTCGCTAATCCTAACTGCAGCCATTTCAATGAAACTAGGACTAGCCCCCTTCCAT
TTTTGATTCCCAGAAGTTCTACAAGGATCCCCTCTCACTACCGGACTTCTTCTATCCACAGTCATGAAAT
TCCCACCAATCACCCTACTCTTTATAACCTCCCAAGCCCTAAACCCCACACTTCTAACCACTATGGCTAT
CCTTTCCGTAGCTCTAGGAGGATGAATAGGGCTAAATCAAACACAAACCCGAAAAATCATGGCCTTCTCT
TCTATCGCCCACCTAGGTTGAATGGCCATTATTCTGGTTTACTATCCCAAACTTACCCTACTAAACTTCT
ATCTATACGCCATAATAACCGCTGCCATCTTCCTAACTCTAAATGCAACAAAAGTCCTAAAACTATCGAC
ACTAATAACTGCATGAACAAAAGCACCTTCACTTAGCACAATCCTCCTACTAACACTCCTATCTTTAGCC
GGCCTGCCCCCTCTAACTGGTTTCCTCCCAAAATGACTTATCATCCAAGAGCTAACCAAACAAGACATGG
CCCCAGCAGCGATAGTCATCTCACTCCTTTCCCTACTAGGACTTTTCTTCTATCTTCGCCTCGCATACTG
CGCAACAATCACACTTCCACCCCATACGACAAATCACATAAAACAATGACATGTCAACAAACCAATTAAC
CCCTCAATCGCTGTCCTAACTACCCTCTCTATCATGCTCCTGCCAATCTCCCCCATACTTACTACCATCA
TTTAAAAGAAACTTAGGTTTACTGAAACCGAAGGCCTTCAAAGCCTTAAACAAGAGTGGAACCCTCTTAG
TTTCTGTTAAAATCCGCAGGACATTACCCTGCATCTCCTGAATGCAACTCAGACGCTTTGATTAAGCTAG
GACTTTACATCCCCTAGACAGATGGGCTTCGATCCCATAATACTATAGTTAACAGCTATATGCCCCAAAC
CAACAGGCTTCTGCCTAACAATAGGCCCCGGTACACAATTAGTGCACATCAATGAGCTTGCAACTCACCA
TGAACTTCACTACAGGGCCGATAAGAAGAGGAATTAAACCTCTGTAAAAAGGACTACAGCCTAACGCTTA
TACACTCAGCCATCTTACCTGTGACTTTCATTAACCGATGACTATTCTCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGG
CACCCTGTACCTGATCTTCGGAGCATGAGCCGGAATAGTAGGTACCGCCCTAAGTCTTCTTATCCGAGCA
GAACTAGGCCAACCCGGTGCACTGCTAGGAGACGACCAAATCTACAACGTCATTGTTACAGCCCATGCTT
TCGTCATAATCTTTTTCATAGTGATACCAATCATAATCGGAGGATTCGGAAACTGACTAGTTCCCCTGAT
AATTGGTGCCCCAGACATAGCATTCCCACGAATAAACAACATGAGCTTCTGACTTCTCCCTCCTTCATTC
CTTCTTCTCCTAGCTTCCTCTACAGTAGAGGCAGGGGTAGGAACAGGATGAACTGTATACCCACCACTAG
CCGGAAATCTAGCCCACGCCGGAGCTTCAGTTGACCTGGCCATCTTCTCACTCCACCTGGCAGGTATCTC
CTCTATCCTAGGTGCAATCAATTTCATCACCACAGCAATTAACATAAAACCCCCAGCCCTATCACAATAT
CAAACCCCTCTGTTCGTGTGATCCGTGCTAATTACCGCAGTACTACTACTTCTTTCCCTACCAGTCCTAG
CTGCCGGAATCACTATGCTTCTAACAGACCGTAACCTCAATACTACATTCTTTGACCCTGCAGGAGGAGG
AGACCCAGTGCTATACCAACATCTATTCTGATTCTTCGGGCACCCAGAAGTTTACATCCTAATTCTACCA
GGGTTTGGTATCATTTCCCACGTCGTAGCATACTATGCAGGCAAAAAAGAGCCATTCGGCTACATAGGAA
TAGTATGAGCTATACTATCCATCGGATTCCTAGGCTTCATTGTTTGAGCACATCACATGTTTACAGTCGG
GATAGACGTAGACACCCGAGCATACTTTACATCAGCAACCATGATCATTGCCATCCCAACCGGAATTAAA
GTGTTCAGCTGACTAGCAACACTACATGGAGGGACAATCAAATGAGACCCACCAATGCTATGAGCTCTAG
GCTTCATCTTCCTTTTCACTATCGGTGGACTAACGGGAATCGTCCTAGCAAACTCTTCCCTAGACATCGC
CCTGCACGACACTTATTATGTAGTAGCACACTTCCACTACGTACTATCCATAGGCGCAGTGTTCGCAATC
CTAGCAGGCTTTACCCACTGATTCCCACTATTCACTGGCTATACCCTCCACGCTACATGAGCCAAAATTC
ACTTCGGAGTAATGTTCGTAGGAGTGAACCTTACTTTCTTCCCACAACACTTCCTAGGGCTAGCCGGTAT
GCCACGACGATACTCAGACTACCCAGATGCCTATACCCTATGAAACACTATCTCCTCCGTAGGATCACTA
ATCTCTCTAACAGCTGTAATTATGCTAATATTCATCATCTGAGAAGCCTTTGCATCCAAACGCAAAGTCC
TTCAACCAGAACTAATTAGCACAAACGTTGAGTGAATCCACGGCTGCCCACCCCCATTCCACACATTCGA
GGAACCAGCTTTCGTACAAGTTCAAGAAAGGAAGGAATCGAACCCTCATATGTTGGTTTCAAGCCAACCG
CATAAACCACCTATGCTTCTTTCTTATTCAGAGGTGTTAGTAAAACCATTACATAGCCTTGTCAAGACTA
AATCACTGGTGAGACCCCAGTACACCTCAACACAAATATGGCCAACCACATGCAATTCGGTTTCCAAGAC
GCTTCATCCCCTATTATAGAAGAGCTAGTAGAATTCCACGATCACGCCCTAATAACCGCTCTAGCCATCT
GCAGCCTAGTGCTATACCTGCTAACTATAATACTCACCGAAAAACTATCATCCAACACGGTCGATGCACA
AGAGATCGAACTTGTTTGAACAATCCTCCCTGCAATAGTCCTAATCATGCTCGCCCTACCATCCCTACGA
ATTCTCTACATAATGGATGAGATTAACGAGCCTGACCTAACACTGAAAGCCATCGGACATCAGTGATATT
GAACCTATGAATACACCGACTTCAAAGACCTGACATTTGACTCCTACATGACACCAACCGCAGATCTTCC
TATAGGTCACTTTCGACTACTAGAAGTAGATCACCGTGTAATCGTTCCAATAGAGTCACTAGTCCGAGTC
ATTGTTACTGCCGACGACGTACTTCACTCATGAGCCGTCCCAAGCCTAGGCGTAAAAACTGACGCAATCC
CAGGACGACTAAACCAAACTTCATTCACCGCTACCCGACCTGGAGTCTTCTACGGTCAATGCTCAGAAAT
CTGCGGAGCTAACCACAGCTTCATACCTATTGTAGTCGAATCTGCTCCGCTCGCCAACTTCGAAAACTGA
TCTTCTCTACTATCTTCCTAATCATTAAGAAGCTATGAATCAGCACTAGCCTTTTAAGCTAGAGAAAGAG
GGCTATTAACCCTCCTTAATGACATGCCTCAACTAAACCCAAATCCATGATTTTTTATCATGCTAATTTC
ATGATTCACCTACTCTATAATCATCCAACCTAAACTACTTTCCCACATCTCCATAAATCCCCCATCTAAC
AAACTCCAAACAGCCCAAAGTACTTCCCCTTGAACCTGACCATGAACCTAAGCTTCTTTGATCAATTCTC
AAGTCCATCCATTCTAGGCATTCCCCTAGTTCTAATCGCAATAACATTCCCAGCCCTCCTCCTACCGTCC
CAAAGCAACCGATGACTCACTGACCGATTATCAACCTTACAATCATGACTCATCAACCTAATCACAAAAC
AACTGATAATGCCATTAAACAACAAAGGGCACAAATGAGCACTAATCCTAACATCACTAATAATCTTCCT
ACTCTTTACCAACCTACTAGGTCTACTACCCTACACATTCACCCCAACTACCCAACTCTCCATAAACCTA
GCCCTAGCCACCCCCTTATGACTCGCCACTCTACTTACAGGGCTACGAAACCAACCCTCAATATCCCTAG
CTCATCTTCTGCCAGAAGGTACTCCAACTCCCCTAATCCCAGCCTTAATCCTCATCGAAACAACTAGTCT
TCTCATCCGCCCCCTAGCCCTGGGCGTCCGCCTTACAGCCAACCTCACAGCAGGCCACTTACTAATCCAA
CTTATCTCGACGGCCACTATTGCGCTAATCTCAACAATACCAGCAATCTCACTACTAACATTACTAGTCC
TATTCCTACTTACTATCTTAGAAGTAGCAGTAGCTATAATCCAAGCCTACGTCTTCGTCCTACTACTAAG
CCTATACCTACAAGAAAACATCTAAACCACCAATGACTCACCAAGCACACTCTTACCATATAGTCGATCC
CAGCCCATGACCTATCCTAGGAGCAGCCGCCGCCCTCCTTACTACATCTGGCCTAACTATGTGATTCCAC
TACAACCTGCCCTACCTGCTAATCATCGGACTTACCTCTACAGCCCTAGTCATGCTCCAATGATGACGTG
ACATCATCCGAGAGAGCACATTCCAGGGTCACCACACACCCACAGTACAAAAAGGCCTACGATATGGAAT
AGTCCTATTCATCACATCAGAAGCATTCTTCTTCCTAGGCTTTTTCTGAGCATTTTTCCACTCCAGCCTA
GCCCCAACACCAGAACTAGGCGGACAGTGACCCCCAGTTGGAATTAAACCTCTAAATCCAATAGACGTAC
CCCTCCTAAACACCGCCATCCTTCTAGCCTCAGGGGTTACAGTTACATGAGCACACCACAGCATCATAGA
AGCCAACCGAAAGCAAGCAATCCAAGCTCTCACACTTACAGTCCTCCTAGGCTTCTACTTTACTGCCCTA
CAAGCCATAGAATACTACGAGGCCCCCTTTTCCATTGCCGATGGGGTATACGGCTCTACCTTCTTCGTAG
CAACTGGATTTCACGGACTACACGTAATCATTGGTTCCACATTCCTCCTAGTATGCCTCCTACGTCTAAT
TAAATACCACTTTACACCAAAACACCATTTTGGCTTCGAGGCAGCAGCTTGATACTGACACTTTGTGGAT
GTCGTATGACTATTCCTTTATATGACTATCTACTGATGAGGATCTTACTCTTCTAGTATATTAATTACAA
TCGACTTCCAATCCTTAAAATCTGGTTTAAACCCAGAGAAGAGTAATGAACATAATTCTATTCATAATCG
CCTCATCCCTAACTTTAAGCATCATCCTCACTGCATTAAACTTCTGACTAGCACAGACAAACCCAGACTC
CGAAAAGCTGTCCCCATACGAATGTGGATTTGACCCACTAGGGTCCGCCCGGCTGCCATTTTCAATTCGA
TTCTTCCTAGTAGCGATCCTGTTCCTACTATTCGATCTAGAAATCGCCCTACTCCTCCCACTGCCATGGG
CCATCCAACTACAAACCCCTACCACAACACTAACATGAGCCTCCATCCTCATCATCCTACTTACTCTGGG
CCTAATCTATGAATGAAGCCAAGGAGGACTAGAATGGGCAGAATAACAGAAAGTTAGTCTAACCAAGACA
GTTGATTTCGACTCAACAGATTATAGCTCACACCCTATAACTTTCTTAATGTCTGCCCTTCAATTAAGTT
TCTTCTCCGCCTTCACCCTAAGCAGCCTAGGCTTAGCCTTCCACCGTACACACCTAATTTCTGCCTTACT
ATGTTTAGAAAGCATAATACTATCCATATATGTAGCCCTTTCCATATGACCCATCCAAACTCAAACAGCA
TCTGCCACCCTCCTTCCCCTTCTCATACTGGCATTCTCTGCCTGCGAGGCAGCAACAGGCCTAGCTCTAT
TAGTCGCCTCCACCCGAACCCACGGTTCTGACCACTTACACAACTTCAACCTACTACAATGCTAAAAATC
ATCATTCCAACTATTATACTCCTCCCACTAGCTTTCCTCTCTCCTCGTAAACACCTATGAACCAATACCA
CAACACACAGCCTATTAATTGCCACTGTCAGCCTACAATGATTTGTCCCTACATACTACCCAAGCAAAGG
ACTGACTCACTGAACTTCAATCGACCAAATCTCTTCTCCCCTTCTAGTCCTATCTTGCTGATTACTCCCT
CTCATACTTATAGCAAGCCAAAACCATCTAGAACAAGAACCAACTACTCGCAAACGAGTCTTCATCGCAA
CTCTAGTCACAGTACAACCATTCATCCTACTAGCTTTCTCAGCCTCAGAACTAATACTATTCTACATTGC
ATTTGAAGCAACCCTAATTCCAACCCTAGTCCTCATCACACGCTGAGGAAACCAACCTGAACGACTAAAC
GCAGGAATTTATCTACTATTTTACACACTTGCTAGCTCCCTTCCCCTATTAATCACAATCCTACACCTAC
ATAACCAAATTGGCACATTATACTTCCCTATGCTCAAACTCTCGCACCCAACAATAAACAACTCCTGAAC
AGGCTTAATCTCAAGTCTAGCCCTTCTACTGGCCTTTATGGTAAAAGCCCCCCTATATGGCTTACACCTA
TGACTCCCAAAGGCACATGTAGAAGCCCCAATCGCTGGATCAATGCTACTAGCCGCCCTCCTCCTAAAAC
TAGGGGGCTATGGCATTATACGAGTCACTATCCTAGTAAATCCCTCCGTAAATAACCTCCATTATCCATT
CATTACCCTAGCATTATGAGGAGCATTAATAACTAGCGCTATTTGCCTACGACAAATTGACCTAAAATCC
TTAATTGCCTACTCTTCTGTAAGCCACATAGGGTTAGTCATCGCCGCAACCATAATCCAGACCCAATGAG
CCTTCTCAGGAGCAATAATCCTAATAATCTCCCACGGTCTAACCTCCTCAATACTATTCTGCCTAGCCAA
TACTAACTATGAACGAACCCATAGCCGAATTCTTCTTCTCACTCGAGGCCTACAACCGCTTCTACCACTA
ATAGGCACCTGATGACTTCTAGCAAATCTAACAAACATAGCATTACCACCAACAACCAACCTCATAGCAG
AATTAACCATCGTGGTAGCCCTGTTCAATTGATCCCCTCTAACAATCATTCTAACAGGAACTACAATTGT
CCTAACCGCCTCCTACACCCTTTACATACTAACAATAACACAACGAGGAATACTGCCATCCCATATCACC
TCAATCCAAAACTCCTCCACACGAGAACATCTCCTAATAGCCTTACATATAATCCCCATGCTCCTACTTA
TTCTCAAACCTGAACTTATCTCAGGAGTTCCCATATGCTAGTATAGTTTAATCAAAACATTAGATTGTGA
TTCTAAAAATAGAAGTTAAACCCTTCTTACTTGCCGAGGGGAGGTTAAACCAACAAGAACTGCTAACTCT
TGCATCTGAGTATAAAACCTCAGCCCCCTTACTTTCAAAGGATAATAGTAATCCAATGGTCTTAGGAACC
AGTCATCTTGGTGCAAATCCAAGTGAAAGTAATGGACCAAATACTCATTCTGAACACATCCATACTACTC
ACTCTAGCAGTCCTCTGCACCCCGATTATTTTCCCCCTCCTACCAAACAGCCTAAAAAACACTCCAACTA
TCATTACAAATACTGTCAAAACTTCCTTCCTAATCAGCCTAATCCCCATAACCATCTACATCCACTCAGG
AACAGAAAGTCTCACCACTCTTTGAGAATGAAAATTCATTATAAACTTTAAAATCCCTATCAGCCTGACA
ATAGACTTTTACTCACTGACCTTCTTTCCAATTGCCCTATTCGTTTCCTGATCAATCCTACAATTTGCAA
CATGATACATAGCCTCAGACCCCTACATTACAAAATTCTTCACCTTCCTCCTCCTATTCCTTATCGCCAT
ACTTATCCTAATTGTCTCAAACAACCTATTCTTACTTTTCATTGGATGAGAAGGAGTCGGAATCATATCC
TTCCTACTGATTAGCTGATGACATGGCCGAGCAGAAGCTAACACTGCTGCCCTACAAGCCGTATTATACA
ATCGAGTCGGGGACGTAGGACTTATTATATGTATAGCATGACTGGCTTCTGCTATAAACACATGAGAAAT
TCAACAAATCTCCTCTCAAGACCAAATCCCGACCCTTCCACTACTAGGCCTAATCCTAGCTGCAGCTGGT
AAATCTGCCCAATTTGGCCTCCACCCATGACTCCCAGCTGCAATAGAAGGTCCAACCCCAGTATCTGCCC
TACTACACTCCAGCACTATAGTAGTAGCCGGAATTTTCCTGCTAATCCGAACCCACCCCCTCTTTCACAA
TAACCCTACCGTCCTCTCCCTGTGTCTATGCCTAGGAGCTCTCTCCACACTATTCGCAGCTACCTGTGCC
CTAACCCAAAATGACATCAAAAAAATCATTGCTTTTTCCACATCCAGCCAGTTAGGCCTAATAATAGTTA
CAATCGGCCTAAACCTTCCTCAACTAGCCTTCCTACACATTTCAACACATGCATTCTTTAAAGCCATACT
ATTCCTATGCTCTGGGTCAATCATTCATAGCCTCAACGGTGAACAAGACATTCGAAAAATAGGAGGACTT
CAAAAAATACTACCAACAACTACTTCATGCTTAACCATTGGAAACCTAGCCCTAATAGGAACCCCATTCC
TAGCTGGATTCTACTCCAAAGACCAAATCATTGAGAGCCTCAATACCTCATATCTAAACGCCTGAGCTCT
CGTCCTAACTCTCCTAGCTACATCATTTACTGCAGTTTATACTATTCGAATAACCCTACTAGTCCAAACC
GGCCATGTCCGAATTCCACCCCTCACCCCCATAAACGAAAATAACCCAGCGGTCCTTTCCTCAATCACCC
GCCTTGCACTAGGAAGTATCACAGCAGGATTCCTGATCACCTCATATATTCCACCTGCAAAAACCCCACC
AATAACTATACCACTCTCTATTAAAATCACAGCCATCGTAGTCACACTCCTAGGAATTACCCTAGCCCTA
GAGCTCTCAAAAATAACTCAAGCCTTAATCCTCCCTAAACAGAATCGCTTCTCAAATTTCTCTACAACCC
TAGGATATTTTAATCCCCTAGTACACCGATTCATCACAACAAAACTTCTAAGCGGAGGTCAAAATATTGC
TTCTCACCTAATTGACCTATCCTGATACAAGTTACTAGGCCCTGAAGGACTAGCCAACCTGCAAATAATA
GCATCAAAAACCGCTACTACCTTCCACACAGGCCTGATCAAAGCCTATCTAGGGTCATTCGCCCTATCAA
TCTTTATCATCCTCCTATCAACATACAGAACTAACCCAATGGCCCTAAATCTACGAAAAAACCACCCCCT
ACTAAAAATCATCAACAACTCCCTAATTGACCTTCCTACTCCATCAAACATCTCAGCTTGATGAAACTTC
GGATCCCTACTAGGTATTTGCCTCATCACACAAATCGTTACAGGCCTACTACTAGCCATACATTACACAG
CAGATACTTCCCTAGCATTCACCTCCGTAGCTCACATATGCCGAAACGTACAATTTGGATGACTAATTCG
CAATCTCCACGCAAATGGAGCCTCTCTCTTTTTCATCTGCATCTACCTCCACATTGGCCGAGGATTCTAC
TACGGCTCATACCTAAATAAAGAAACCTGAAATATTGGAGTAATCCTTCTCCTGACATTAATAGCAACTG
CTTTCGTAGGATACGTCCTACCCTGAGGACAAATATCCTTCTGAGGAGCCACAGTCATCACAAATCTCTT
CTCAGCAATCCCATACATCGGACAAACACTAGTAGAGTGACTCTGAGGAGGATTCTCAGTAGACAACCCT
ACATTAACCCGATTTTTCGCCTTTCACTTCCTCCTACCCTTCGTAATCGCAGGTCTAACACTAGTGCACC
TAACCTTCCTGCACGAAACAGGCTCCAACAACCCACTAGGAATCCCCTCAGACTGCGACAAAATCCCATT
CCACCCCTACTACTCCATCAAAGACCTACTAGGATTCGCACTAATACTCATCCTACTAGTCACCCTAGCG
CTATTCTCCCCAAACCTCCTAGGAGACCCAGAAAATTTCACGCCCGCCAACCCCCTGGCTACCCCACCAC
ATATTAAACCTGAATGATACTTCCTATTTGCATACGCTATCCTCCGATCTATTCCAAACAAACTAGGAGG
AGTCCTAGCCCTAGCTGCCTCAGTCTTAGTTCTATTCTTAATCCCCCTACTCCATGTTTCCAAACAACGT
TCCATAACCTTCCGACCTCTATCGCAAATCCTATTTTGAACTCTAGTCGCTGACCTCCTCATCCTAACAT
GAGTAGGAAGCCAACCAGTCGAACACCCATTCATCATCATCGGCCAATTAGCCTCCTTCGCCTACTTCAC
AATTATCCTAATCTTATTCCCCATTGTGAGCGCACTAGAAAACAAAATACTCAACCTCTAATCAACTCTA
ATAGTTTATAAAAACATTGGTCTTGTAAGCCAAAGATTGAAGGCTAAACACCTTCTTAGAGTTTTTACAT
AAAATCAGAAAGAAAGGAGTCAAACCTTTATCACCAACTCCCAAAGCTGGTATTTTCAACTAAACTACTC
TCTGACTTACTAATTAAACCGCCCGAATTGCCCCCCGAGACAGCCCACGCACAAGCTCTAAAACCACAAA
CAGTGTTAACAGTAGGCCTCATCCTGCAATTAAAAACAGCCCCGCCCCGAGCGAGTAAAACATAGCCACA
CCGCTAAAATCTAACCGAACTCATGACAGACCCCCATTATTTACTGTATCTCCCCCCATAACTACCTCAG
AAAATCCCCCCATAACAACCCCCACAACAACAACTGTTAGCACTATACCAGCACCATAACCAACAACCCG
TCAATCACCCCAAGATTCAGGGTACGGGTCCGCCGCTAATGACACTGAATAGACAAACACCACTAACATC
CCCCCTAGATAAACTATTACCAGTACTAAAGACACAAAAGAAACCCCCATACTTACCAGTCACCCACACC
CCGCAATAGAAGCCACAACCAGACCCACCACCCCATAATAAGGAGAGGGATTAGACGCAACCGCTAACCC
CCCTAGGACAAAGCATAAGCTCATAAACAGTACAAAATTTATCATAAGTTCCTACTTGGCTCCTCCCCAA
GATCTATGGTCTGAAAAACCATTGTTATAAAATTTAACTACAGGAACTACAACCTCCCTTTCCCTTTCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCTACCCCCCCCATGTTTTTACATGGGTTTTTGGCTATGTATTTCTTTGCATACAATT
CTCGTCCACATTAGACATAGAATGCATGTAGGATAACTCACATAACAAGTAATGCAAGACCTAACCAAAC
TCAAATATCATCGCCCATAACAGCCCATACGGACAGATCCCCCTCCAGGCACATTCCCATTTCAGGTACA
ATAAACCCAAGTGATCCTACCCGATGACACAAGACAAGCGTCACCCAAGATCGAGGATGTTTTACCTTAC
ATACAAACCCACTCTGGTAAACGAGGAATATTCTAATACACCAATGAATTCTCAATCCCATACGTTTCAG
TCCACCTCCTAGGCAAAATCCTAGTCCTATAGCCTTCAAGAGCTCCCAAGCAGGACCCGGTTATCTATTA
GTCGTAGTTCTCACGAGAACCGAGCTACTCAACGTAGGTTCTACCCACAGCTACCAGCTTCAAGGCCATA
CTTTCCCCCTACACCCTCGCCCAACTTGCGCTTTTGCGCCTCTGGTTCCTATTTCAGGGCCATAACTTGG
TTCTTTCCCTCCTTATTGCTCTTCACAGACGCATATATGTTGGCTGCATACTCCTCCCTTTGCCTCGTGA
TCGCGGCATCCGGCCGCCCTGGCACTTGTTTTCTTTTTGGGGTCTCTTCAATAAGCCCTTCAAGTGCGTA
GCAGGAGATATCTTCCTCTTGACGTGTACATCACATGGCATCCGAGCGGTTTGTTGTCTGTAATGTCCCT
GGTGTCATGGTTGTTCAGATAAGGTCGTCTCAAACTTGACACTGATGCACTTTTACCCCATTCATGGTGG
GTCCCCCAGCTACCTATACGGTGGCAGATAATGTTATGGTTGCCGGACATAGTTTGTTATTTTTCCTTTA
CTAGGAATTGTTACCTAAACTCTTATTTTTTCATCGTTCATTTTTATTTTGTTATTTTAACAAAATAAAC
AACAATTTTTATATGATTTTAACCTAGATTGTCCAAACCATTTTCATTCGTTCGTTTGCATTAAACTTTC
CTCTATATTTCCCCTATTTTCAATTCATCATATCAACAACTTTTATCATGACTTTTAACCAATTTATATG
CAATAAAAAAATCAATTAATGCAATATAAAAATACACATCTTTTATTCATCATTATACACAATCTAAACC
AAAAACCAATGCAACCACACCACAACCTCCACCTTTCCCCAAAACAAAAAACAAGATAAAAATACAAAAC
ATTTACACCACTAACAAACTTAAAATTACTCACTC


Contact: Vadim E. Fraifeld, MD, PhD

Head: Lab for the Biology of Aging, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel

Email:
How to cite us:

If you would like to cite this database please use:
Toren D, Barzilay T, Tacutu R, Lehmann G, Muradian KK, Fraifeld VE. MitoAge: a database for comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA, with a special focus on animal longevity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44(D1):D1262-5.